Nuevos agentes de desinformación masiva. Análisis de las publicaciones de los influencers políticos españoles en Instagram

  1. Palacios López, Maitane 1
  2. Bonete Vizcaíno, Fernando 1
  3. Gelado Marcos, Roberto 1
  1. 1 Universidad CEU San Pablo
    info

    Universidad CEU San Pablo

    Madrid, España

    ROR https://ror.org/00tvate34

Aldizkaria:
Estudios sobre el mensaje periodístico

ISSN: 1988-2696

Argitalpen urtea: 2023

Zenbakien izenburua: Monográfico: "El impacto de la desinformación en las rutinas profesionales y soluciones basadas en la inteligencia artificial".

Alea: 29

Orrialdeak: 919-932

Mota: Artikulua

DOI: 10.5209/ESMP.88576 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openSarbide irekia editor

Beste argitalpen batzuk: Estudios sobre el mensaje periodístico

Garapen Iraunkorreko Helburuak

Laburpena

Social media has impacted the way content is both produced and consumed at a mass scale. Influencers have gained, in this new scenario, a notable ascendence over their large audiences; and, though there have been several attempts at analyzing their role, many have lacked systematicity (Riedl et al., 2021). This research aims to shed light on two main research goals: determining whether political influencers disinform; and, if so, detecting possible patterns in the disinforming content that reaches their audiences. In order to do so, the most relevant political influencers were identified, and, subsequently, the contents produced by them were analyzed using the taxonomy on disinformation proposed by Kapantai et al. (2020). Findings show that influencers play a key role in disseminating disinformation on Instagram, since the vast majority of the accounts analyzed (92%) do generate this type of content, which have a large impact on young audiences

Erreferentzia bibliografikoak

  • Allcott, H. & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social media and fake news in the 2016 election. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(2), 211–236. https://doi.org./10.1257/jep.31.2.211
  • Abidin, C. 2015. Communicative Intimacies: Influencers and Perceived Interconnectedness. Ada: A Journal of Gender, New Media & Technology. (8)
  • Abidin, C., Lee, J., Barbetta, T. & Miao, W.S. (2021). Influencers and COVID-19: reviewing key issues in press coverage across Australia, China, Japan, and South Korea. Media International Australia Incorporating Culture & Policy, 178(1), 114–135. https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X20959838
  • Alonso, A. B. & Ortiz, L. T. (2022). Influencers de ciencia en Twitch. Divulgación científica a través de vídeo-streaming en tiempos de COVID-19. Teknokultura, 19(2), 165-176. https://doi.org/10.5209/tekn.77941
  • Arnesson, J. (2022). Influencers as ideological intermediaries: Promotional politics and authenticity labour in influencer collaborations. Media Culture and Society. SwePub. https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437221117505
  • Badillo, A. (2019). La sociedad de la desinformación: propaganda, «fake news» y la nueva geopolítica de la información. Documento de trabajo 8/2019 – 14 de mayo de 2019 Real Instituto Elcano. https://bit.ly/3Htb7NC
  • Bause, H. (2021). Politische Social-Media-Influencer Als Meinungsführer? Publizistik66, 295–316. https://doi:10.1007/s11616-021-00666-z
  • Belanche, D., Casaló, L. V., Flavián, M. & Ibáñez-Sánchez, S. (2021). Building influencers’ credibility on Instagram: Effects on followers’ attitudes and behavioral responses toward the influencer. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102585
  • Bergmann, E. (2018). Conspiracy & populism: The politics of misinformation. Springer International Publishing.
  • Boczkowski, P. (2016). Las noticias falsas y el futuro del periodismo. Infobae. https://bit.ly/3Nyf4Vb
  • Buitrago, Á. & Ortiz, L. T. (2022). Influencers de ciencia en YouTube. Divulgación científica en el contexto español de la plataforma hegemónica de vídeo online. adComunica, 24, 177-200. https://doi.org/10.6035/adcomunica.6558
  • Casaló, L. V, Flavián, C. & Ibáñez-Sánchez, S. (2020). Influencers on Instagram: Antecedents and consequences of opinion leadership. Journal of Business Research, 117, 510–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.07.005
  • Cotter, K. (2019). Playing the visibility game: How digital influencers and algorithms negotiate influence on Instagram. New Media & Society, 21(4), 895–913. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818815684
  • De Veirman, M., Cauberghe, V. & Hudders, L. (2017). Marketing through Instagram influencers: The impact of number of followers and product divergence on brand attitude. International Journal of Advertising, 36(5), 798–828. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2017.1348035
  • Del-Fresno-García, M. (2019). Desórdenes informativos: Sobreexpuestos e infrainformados en la era de la posverdad. El Profesional de la Información, 28(3). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2019.may.02
  • Donhauser, D. & Beck, C. (2021). Pushing the Max Planck YouTube Channel with the Help of Influencers. Frontiers in Communication, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2020.601168
  • Edson, T.E., Lim, Z.W. & Ling, R. (2017). Defining “fake news”. A typology of scholarly definitions. Digital Journalism, 6(2), 137–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1360143
  • EAVI (2018). Infographic: beyond fake news–10 types of misleading news–eleven languages. EAVI Media Literacy for Citizenship. https://bit.ly/3Hu4Sct
  • European Comission (2018a). Tackling online disinformation: a European Approach. Communcation from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Brussels, 26.4.2018. COM(2018) 236 final. https://bit.ly/411Flyg
  • European Comission (2018b). A multi-dimensional approach to disinformation: Report of the independent High level Group on fake news and online disinformation. https://bit.ly/3LHFqTg
  • Forstorp, P.A. (2005). The construction of pseudo-science: science patrolling and knowledge policing by academic prefects and weeders. VEST: Journal of Science & Technology Studies 18(3–4), 59–60.
  • Ghanem, B., Rosso, P. & Rangel, F. (2018). An emotional analysis of false information in social media and news articles. 1(1). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1908.09951
  • González Romo, Z. F., Iriarte Aguirre, S., & Garcia Medina, I. (2020). Pharmaceutical influencers on Instagram and their communication during the Covid-19 pandemic crisis. Journal of Science Communication. 19(5), A04. https://doi.org/10.22323/2.19050204
  • Guacho, G. B., Abdali, S., Shah, N. & Papalexakis, E. E. (2018). Semi-supervised content-based detection of misinformation via tensor embeddings. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1804.09088
  • Hochschild, J. L. & Einstein, K. L. (2015). Do facts matter? Information and misinformation in American politics. Political Science Quarterly, 130(4), 585-624. https://bit.ly/41S4bBT
  • Howell, W. L. (2013). Digital wildfires in a hyperconnected world. World Economic Forum, Tech. Rep. Global Risks. https://bit.ly/3nmlhZC
  • IAB Spain (2021). Estudio de redes sociales 2021. https://bit.ly/41Yopd5
  • House of Commons (2018). Disinformation and “fake news”: Interim report, fifth report of session 2017-2019. UK Parliament. https://bit.ly/3LeByHG
  • Hylland, T. (2001). Tyranny of the Moment. Fast and Slow Time in the Information Age. Pluto Press
  • Influencer Marketing Hub (2023). The State of Influencer Marketing 2023. https://bit.ly/3LppROI
  • Ireton, C. & Posetti, J. (2018). Journalism, “Fake News” & Disinformation. UNESCO.
  • Izquierdo-Iranzo, P. & Gallardo-Echenique, E. E. (2020). Studygrammers: learning influencers. Comunicar: Media Education Research Journal, 28(62), 111-121. https://doi.org/10.3916/C62-2020-10
  • Kapantai, E., Christopoulou, A., Berberidis, C. & Peristeras, V. (2021). A systematic literature review on disinformation: Toward a unified taxonomical framework. New Media & Society, 23(5), 1301–1326. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820959296
  • Kumar, S. & Shah, N. (2018). False information on web and social media: A survey. arXiv:1804.08559, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1804.08559
  • Magallón-Rosa, R. (2019). Verificado México 2018. Desinformación y fact-checking en campaña electoral. Revista De Comunicación, 18(1), 234-258. https://doi.org/10.26441/RC18.1-2019-A12
  • Mena, P., Barbe, D. & Chan-Olmsted, S. (2020). Misinformation on Instagram: The impact of trusted endorsements on message credibility. Social Media + Society, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120935102
  • Munoz, P. (2021). The birth of the influencer-activist, a case study from Spain. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/fcq5z
  • Naderer, B. (2023). Influencers as political agents? The potential of an unlikely source to motivate political action. Communications: The European Journal of Communication Research, 48(1), 93-111. Complementary Index.
  • Nigro, P. M. (2018). Causas de la pérdida de la confianza en la prensa y estrategias para su restablecimiento en un contexto de incertidumbre. Hipertext.net, 17, 54-63. https://doi.org/10.31009
  • Peterson, W. & Gist, N. (1951). Rumor and public opinion. American Journal of Sociology, 57(2), 159–167.
  • Potthast M, Kiesel J, Reinartz K, Bevendorff, J. & Stein, B. (2018). A stylometric inquiry into hyperpartisan and fake news [Conference]. Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting Of The Association For Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), Melbourne, VIC, Australia, 15–20 July. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/P18-1022
  • Pujahari, A., Sisodia, D. (2019). Clickbait detection using multiple categorisation techniques. Journal of Information Science, 6(2), 137–153. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551519871822
  • Rashkin, H., Choi, E., Jang, J., Volkova, S. &Choi, Y. (2017). Truth of varying shades: analyzing language in fake news and political fact-checking [Conference]. Proceedings of the Conference On Empirical Methods In Natural Language Processing, Copenhagen, Denmark, 7–11 September, 2931–2937. Association for Computational Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/D17-1317
  • Rehm, G. (2018). An infrastructure for empowering internet users to handle fake news and other online media phenomena. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73706-5_19
  • Riedl, M., Schwemmer, C., Ziewiecki, S., & Ross, L. M. (2021). The Rise of Political Influencers–Perspectives on a Trend Towards Meaningful Content. Frontiers in Communication, 6, 752656. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2021.752656
  • Riffe, D., Lacy, S., Fico, F. & Watson, B. (2019). Analyzing media messages: Using quantitative content analysis in research. Routledge.
  • Rubin, V., Chen, Y. & Conroy, N. (2015). Deception detection for news: three types of fakes. Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 52(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1002/pra2.2015.145052010083
  • Sarmiento-Guede, J. R. & Rodríguez-Terceño, J. (2020). La comunicación visual en Instagram: estudio de los efectos de los micro-influencers en el comportamiento de sus seguidores. Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, 26(3), 1205-1216. https://doi.org/10.5209/esmp.65046
  • Suuronen, A., Reinikainen, H., Borchers, N.S. & Strandberg, K. (2022). When Social Media Influencers Go Political: An Exploratory Analysis on the Emergence of Political Topics Among Finnish Influencers. Javnost – The Public, 29(3), 301-317. https://doi:10.1080/13183222.2021.1983367
  • Swire, B., Berinsky, A. J., Lewandowsky, S. & Ecker, U. K. (2017). Processing political misinformation: Comprehending the Trump phenomenon. Royal Society open science, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160802
  • Szpakowski, M. (2018). FakeNewsCorpus. Github. https://bit.ly/44f0fMV
  • Tafesse, W. & Wood, B. P. (2021). Followers’ engagement with instagram influencers: The role of influencers’ content and engagement strategy. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102303
  • Trepte, S. & Scherer, H., (2010). Opinion leaders – Do they know more than others about their area of interest?. Communications. The European Journal of Communication Research, 35(2), 119-140. https://doi.org/10.1515/comm.2010.007
  • Tsubokura, M., Onoue, Y., Torii, H. A., Suda, S., Mori, K., Nishikawa, Y., Ozaki, A. & Uno, K. (2018). Twitter use in scientific communication revealed by visualization of information spreading by influencers within half a year after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident. PloS one, 13(9). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203594
  • Valant, J. (2015). Online consumer reviews: the case of misleading or fake reviews. European Parliamentary Research Service. https://bit.ly/3Npmb23
  • Vosoughi, S., Roy, D. & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. MIT Iniciative on the Digital Economy Research Brief. https://bit.ly/42apiyU
  • Wardle, C. (2019a). Information disorder: ‘The techniques we saw in 2016 have evolved’. First Draft. https://bit.ly/41SFfdr
  • Wardle, C. (2019b). First Draft’s Essential Guide to Understanding Information Disorder. First Draft. https://bit.ly/3ngm9yR
  • Wardle, C. & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information disorder. Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policymaking. Council of Europe Report. https://bit.ly/3oVs3Ga
  • Wielki, J. (2020). Analysis of the role of digital influencers and their impact on the functioning of the contemporary on-line promotional system and its sustainable development. Sustainability, 12(17), 7138. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177138
  • Zannettou, S., Sirivianos, M., Blackburn J. & Kourtellis, N. (2019). The web of false information. Journal of Data and Information Quality, 11(3), 1-37. https://doi.org/10.1145/3309699
Datuen iturria: Dialnet